Suggestions originates from Robert Hoberman (private communications). So it seems to be broadly representative of Jewish dialects from a number of other metropolises of area also, including Aqra and you may Rawanduz.

not, in this dialect there clearly was an extremely uncommon changes away from h so you’re able to h regarding the 3rd person one possessive suffixes: resIh ‘his head’

Azerbaijan (Azer): What of the Jews away from Iranian Azerbaijan, together with teams inside the Urmi, Salmas, Basqale, Mahabad, and you will Yuksekova. Information is out of Garbell (1965).

Halabja (Hala): The text of Jews from Halabja towards the Iran-Iraq border. This is very close to the Jewish dialects of most other places of your area, along with Saqqiz, Suleimaniya, Sanandaj, Baneh, and you may Panjwin. Pointers arises from my notes.

We shall evaluate these types of dialects regarding twenty-four phonological, morphological, morpho-lexical, and you will lexical standards. Adopting the Hetzron (1976, 98), i’ve chosen simply innovations due to the fact standards getting category. We have chosen a good disproportionate number of morphological conditions, and we will give them special pounds, once again after the Hetzron, but other mutual designs is considered as better.

Note as well as the more complicated conservation as well as installation off during the Koy Sanjaq said from the Hoberman (1985)

Even as we contrast the fresh languages away from NENA we’ll just be sure to determine the newest the amount to which the brand new dialects share a distinct trend which is different from Turoyo and Mandaic. At the same time, we shall get a hold of bundles out of isoglosses inside NENA.

(۱) Worry tends to be penultimate in most new NA dialects, and Turoyo and you may Mandaic although not regarding three easternmost Jewish dialects, Jewish Azerbaijani, Koy Sanjaq, and you can Halabja, which usually fret the past syllable. Such languages appear, like this, as in many more (Garbell 1965), to display an abnormally strong dictate away from Kurdish.

(۲) All NENA dialects enjoys merged h and you can x. Within the Hertevin the result is h, and you may everywhere else it is x: Hertevin haye ‘life’ (Jastrow 1988, 189) and you may dmehli ‘I slept’ (Jastrow 1988, 18), Tkhuma xa:[Theta]an excellent ‘new’, Jilu ptIxli ‘I opened’ (Fox 1992, 45), and +damxotu ‘you sleep’ (Fox 1992, 55).(4)

Both Turoyo and Mandaic retain independent h and x. Certain NENA languages keeps reintroduced h since a borrowing from the bank of Kurdish or Arabic or regarding Traditional Syriac otherwise Hebrew.(5) Although not, the fresh handed down words continuously suggests x. Instance, in the Tisqopa you’ll find borrowed Arabic terminology, like sahabi ‘friend’, that have h, however, passed on terms and conditions such as for example laxma ‘bread’ constantly inform you x. (6)

(۳) All of the NENA languages except Hertevin and you can Zakho have lost very era out of inherited. Eg, for the Aradhin we discover arba ‘four’, upra ‘earth’ add up to Syriac arb a good and you will afra. When you look at the Hertevin plus Zakho, passed down was regularly ?: Hertevin very?a great ‘seven’ (Jastrow 1988, 99), Zakho sme?la ‘she heard’ (Meehan and Alon 1979, 189). In lots of most other dialects most are managed since the ?, and you may, regarding other individuals, is gone totally. Specific languages has reintroduced borrowed of Arabic otherwise Kurdish. Such, Halabja keeps ayza ‘good’.

(۴) In the before dialects away from Aramaic, as with Tiberian Hebrew, t turned into [Theta] after a beneficial vowel. Which alternation has been lexicalized in the NENA, that have often t or [Theta] dispersed by way of entire paradigms, whether or not preceded by the a vowel or otherwise not. For example, in the Aradhin brand new verb ‘come’ now has [Theta] throughout: a[Theta]ya ‘it (fem.) comes’, and in addition [Theta]e:los angeles ‘she came’ (Krotkoff 1982, 70, 74). Then, in a few dialects the fresh phoneme [Theta] features experienced a lot more changes. In certain dialects [Theta] has actually merged back again to t, as well as in other people it’s become s otherwise l.(7) In one single dialect, Jilu, it has become h after which become deleted except at start of a keyword. The 3 easternmost Jewish languages express the brand new alarming shift off [Theta] to one. The outcomes ones change is visible on term ‘house’ and this looks in numerous languages just like the getting:[Theta good]a great (Tkhuma), mobilní web victoria milan biya (Jilu), beta (Hertevin), bela (Halabja), and you can besa (Sanandaj Christian).